Frank Gehry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Honest Gehry - Essay Example In 1956, Gehry moved to Massachusetts with his significant other in an offer to select into Harvard’s School of Design. Unfortunately, the training life at Harvard was rarely finished, which saw him drop out and a while later, separate from his first spouse. The purpose behind his non-culmination in Harvard’s Design School was on the grounds that his thoughts for a socially dependable sort of engineering were not understood (Isenberg and Gehry 43). He remarried in 1975, and had two additional youngsters with Berta Isabel Aguilera. He later returned to California after his endeavor at configuration school fizzled, and that is the place the legend of Frank Gehry was conceived. Works the world over Soon after moving back to California, Gehry started making his name an easily recognized name through the Easy Edges furniture line. The majority of the cardboard furniture items were sold in California somewhere in the range of 1969 and 1973 preceding his union with Isabel, and before assuming the assignment of renovating his family’s house in Santa Monica. It was this whimsical rebuilding that saw Gehry catch the building world’s consideration as his structure was regarded interesting and incredible. The popular Walt Disney Concert Hall is among Gehry’s celebrated works, and this was after he accomplished VIP status in the wake of displaying homes in Southern California for some time. The Guggenheim Museum working in Spain and a high rise in New York city are likewise Gehry’s works, and have become vacation destination locales visited by innumerable people. The Opus Hong Kong tower in China can likewise be set among his top accomplishments (Isenberg and Gehry 48). In certain examples, Gehry is said to have been engaged with the planning of adornments, alcohol bottles, and even trophies. He is said to have structured an ice hockey trophy, which was for the World Cup Hockey competition. These ‘quick fixes’, as indicated by Gehry, were because of the little or absence of acknowledgment of extraordinary design (Lange 53). He, consequently, may have needed to stay pertinent in the field of configuration regardless of whether it implied that he would not be structuring structures and dedications. Style and structure and the material utilized Gehry’s style was a deconstructivist type of engineering, which pushed and tested the acknowledged plans of design. It is a post-structuralist stylish that is generally acquainted with draftsmen who conflict with the ordinarily acknowledged ideal models of design, and is generally obvious and well known in California. This may be on the grounds that he did a large portion of his w orks in the region during the 1980’s. It is accepted that Gehry calculatedly damages the innovation way to deal with engineering with his attention on the correct points and 3D squares (Lange 59). The flimsiness that is the deconstructivist approach is the thing that makes the structures by Frank important. Despite the fact that the undertakings might be extensive and complete, they will in general achieve the sentiment of blast. In some sense, the idea of the deconstructivist style is to realize the acknowledgment of blemishes as an inescapable wonder in design. Cardboard and scotch tape are the materials used to breath life into the plans in Gehry’s head, which later transform into structures. In huge numbers of his works, Gehry has joined the utilization of titanium and hardened steel. Subject in Frank Gehry’s works One thing that makes Gehry a genuinely talented draftsman of his day is his insightful and perfect way of drawing out his structures. He is suppo sed to be partial to angle as the vast majority of his auxiliary plans are said to have utilized fish themes engrained in a few

Oedipus The King: Role Of Gods Essay -- Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

â€Å"Gods can be malevolent sometimes.† In the play â€Å"Oedipus the King†, Sophocles slandered the gods’ notoriety, and brought down their status by making them look unsafe and abhorrent. It is realized that all divine beings ought to be great and reliable, and ought to speak to equity and value, however with Oedipus, the divine beings chose to decimate him and his family for reasons unknown. It may be difficult to accept that divine beings can have humanistic characteristics, however in actuality they do. The divine beings, particularly Apollo, are viewed as underhanded by the peruser on the grounds that they decimated a blameless man’s life and his family. They demolished Oedipus by controlling his destiny, allowing individuals the intensity of prediction, informing Oedipus concerning his destiny through the prophet of Apollo, lastly distressing the individuals of Thebes with a ghastly plague. On a very basic level, by using destiny, predictions, the prophet of Apollo, and the plague, the divine beings assumed a critical job in the decimation of Oedipus and his family. By controlling destiny, the divine beings convey all the duty of Oedipus in executing his dad and wedding his mom. They are the main ones who can control destiny, and in this manner they are the main ones to fault for what befell Oedipus. They could have made Oedipus’ life less hopeless, yet they chose to obliterate his and his family’s life by this awful destiny without him submitting a transgression. â€Å"It was Apollo, companions, Apollo, who brought to satisfaction every one of my sufferings. Be that as it may, the hand that struck my eyes was mine and mine alone.† Oedipus censures Apollo for his two despicable wrongdoings that caused his sufferings. Then again, he concedes that the divine beings had nothing to do with his visual impairment, and that he’s liable for that. Additionally, in the past statement, Oedipus attempts to reduce his disgrace by persuading his kin that it isn't his deficiency, yet Apollo’s, for killing his dad and wedding his mom. The lesson of this story is that people can’t get away from their destiny, and consequently it isn't Oedipus’ deficiency for carrying out those two wrongdoings. To devastate Oedipus, the divine beings allowed the intensity of prescience to prophets that conveyed these predictions to Laius and Jocasta. Accordingly, they slaughter their kid to dispose of him and his awful predictions. Lamentably, these predictions worked out as expected in light of the fact that Oedipus didn’t know his genuine guardians. On the off chance that he had known his genuine guardians, he wouldn’t have slaughtered his dad and hitched his mom. â€Å"I could never have be... ...the killer is in Thebes. â€Å"Here in Thebes, Apollo said. What is looked for can be gotten. What is ignored escapes.† Basically, the divine beings closed their devastation arrangement in sentencing Oedipus to banish or having him executed.      In end, the divine beings, Apollo specifically, had a significant impact in the general conditions of Oedipus. Oedipus’ annihilation affected his family, and accordingly the divine beings obliterated a whole family. Because of this horrendous obliteration of a man’s life and his family, the peruser would consider the divine beings blameworthy and insidious. The divine beings followed four stages to annihilate Oedipus totally. To start with, they controlled his destiny and drove him to kill his dad, and wed his mom. They furnished individuals with the intensity of prescience to make Laius and Jocasta part with their youngster. That, however Apollo’s prophet educated Oedipus regarding his horrible destiny that include his folks to make him move to Thebes. At last, they send a plague to the Thebans for not rebuffing the killer of their lord, which results in Oedipus’ outcast or execution. Oedipus, the insightful ruler, has never been wrecked by an insidious man, yet he was completely crushed by what they call benevolent, just divine beings.

Common Issues Facing Tweens and How Parents Can Help

Common Issues Facing Tweens and How Parents Can Help Depression Childhood Depression Print Common Issues Facing Tweens How Parents and Caregivers Can Help By Jennifer O'Donnell Jennifer ODonnell holds a BA in English and has training in specific areas regarding tweens, covering parenting for over 8 years. Learn about our editorial policy Jennifer O'Donnell Updated on February 22, 2020 JGI / Jamie Grill / Blend Images / Getty Images More in Depression Childhood Depression Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Suicide Growing up isnt always easy. With as much as preteens go through while transitioning into the teen years, its no wonder that many of them find themselves facing some pretty troubling challenges. Parents, teachers, and other adults can help teens deal with their problems by being supportive and setting fair limits. Here are six ways preteens can stumble into trouble, as well as some solutions for the adults in their lives to help them back up when they fall. Risk-Taking There are many ways in which troubled tweens express themselves. For some, its through risk-taking. But troubled tweens are not the only ones who take chances. Risk-taking is common among tweens and teens in general, largely because kids this age tend to believe that they are invincible. Risk-taking manifests in many different ways. For some preteens, that might include binge drinking, having sex, and taking chances with their own safety. Overview of Youth At-Risk Behavior Substance Use Many parents mistakenly believe that the risks of  smoking, underage drinking,??  and drug use are solely reserved for teenagers. Unfortunately, preteens also sometimes engage in underage drinking, smoking, and other dangers, such as  inhalants. According to research, early warning signs of alcohol and substance use include:?? Changes in behavior and moodSudden or frequent changes in friendsWithdrawal from family, friends, and activitiesUnsatisfactory excuses for behaviorsRefusal to communicate with family membersTruancy and delinquencyLow motivationRisky behaviorsDepression, mood swings, and apathyPhysical signs such as dilated pupils, pinpoint pupils, bloodshot eyes, weight changes, and needle marks  Changes in sleep habits and energy levels Being able to recognize signs that your child is using alcohol, drugs, or engaging in other risky behaviors can help you combat the problem sooner rather than later. Top Risk Factors for Teen Substance Use Depression and Anxiety Depression and anxiety can affect children and adults, and in both cases, it can be a difficult and challenging obstacle. Children who are depressed often pull away from friends,  have trouble sleeping,??  or change their eating habits,??  among other symptoms (some of which may be different from those you see in adults with depression). If you suspect that your child may have depression or anxiety, talk to your teens pediatrician. Their doctor will conduct an evaluation to assess symptoms and look for any medical problem that might be contributing to these symptoms. Your doctor may then recommend treatments or refer your teen to a mental health professional for further evaluation and treatment. In addition to getting your tween the professional help they need, encourage them to try self-help strategies like exercising, eating nutritious foods, getting enough sleep, and spending time with friends. How to Help Your Depressed Teenager Obesity For obese and overweight children, life can sometimes be extra tough. Youth who seriously struggle with weight often face social issues and may have trouble fitting in. In addition, they also have higher rates of depression and other behavior problems. If your child is overweight, be aware of their self-esteem and offer assistance in helping your child overcome their weight issues healthfully, as well as any other challenges that may come with it. Depression and anxiety can also contribute to obesity since changes in appetite and activity levels are common with both conditions.?? Kids who are dealing with symptoms of depression may feel too fatigued to be physically active and may eat more than they normally would. Getting them help for any underlying mental health issues may be the first step to getting healthier physically, too. Self-Esteem Issues For many troubled teens, self-esteemâ€"or the lack thereofâ€"can be a huge problem. Poor self-esteem is associated with a number of negative consequences that can influence teen development at the transition into young adulthood, including disordered eating, depression, anxiety, substance use, and suicide.??   Research also suggests that these early self-esteem struggles may have long-lasting consequences. Low self-esteem during adolescence is linked to lower educational status, increased financial difficulties, increased unemployment, and poorer physical and mental well-being in adulthood.?? There are many ways to help your child build a healthy self-esteem. Its important to be positive and encouragingIts also just as important to give them opportunities to both succeed and fail.Be sure to point out that you do not expect perfection from your childâ€"you just want them to give it a try and do their best. How Self-Esteem Influences Risky Sexual Behavior in Teens Inadequate Supervision There are a number of ways your child can find their way into trouble. Excessive unsupervised free time can sometimes lead tweens to stumble into trouble. This doesnt mean that every moment of your childs life needs to be booked up with scheduled activities, classes, or events. In fact, research has shown that having less-structured time is important for the development of critical skills including self-directedness and self-regulation.??   But your child should be aware of your expectations for them and understand that certain behaviors are off-limits, no matter what. Establishing rules and boundaries, providing good supervision, and communicating with your child can help keep them on track and out of trouble. Tips for Parents If your tween is experiencing any of these challenges, there are things that you can do to offer support and assistance. Talk to Your Tween The first thing parents and caregivers can do is open up a line of communication with your child. This doesnt mean peppering your child with questionsâ€"an approach that can often backfire at this ageâ€"but rather, being direct when it seems appropriate. In other cases, just set aside time to spend with your child. Listen to what they have to say and talk about the things that they want to discuss. Try to avoid being overly judgmental and dont dismiss their feelings. Pay Attention to the Signs Even if you talk to your child often, you should always stay alert for the signs and symptoms of a problem. Its important to avoid overreacting since kids this age can be more dramatic and moody in general. Some things that might be a cause for concern include: Sudden changes in behaviorSocial withdrawalNegative self-talk and low self-esteemProblems at school, including difficulty concentrating and poor attendanceDrug and alcohol useReckless behaviorsIrritability and aggressionTearfulness and frequent bouts of cryingLoss of interest in activities??Changes in sleeping and eating habitsFatigue, sleeping all day, or lack of energyThoughts or comments about death or suicide?? If your tween has been experiencing symptoms of depression or anxiety, you should talk to a doctor. Your childs pediatrician can look for underlying medical issues that may be contributing to these symptoms, treat depression or anxiety problems, or refer you to a mental health professional who can recommend additional treatments. Aways take any signs of suicide seriously. If you believe your child is in immediate danger, you should contact emergency services. You can also call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255. Top 10 Reasons Teens Go to Therapy

Stonehenge The Truth Behind the Stones - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1135 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Truth Essay Did you like this example? There are many theories about a mysterious rock formation in the U.K. called Stonehenge. This formation is made up of two circular shapes with two horseshoe-like shapes in the center. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stonehenge: The Truth Behind the Stones" essay for you Create order Many archeologists have attempted to excavate the site, as well as go there to learn more about the structure and why the ancient people built it. They have all come up with different things. From theories of it being a ritual site, a place of healing, a type of sun dial that measured the summer solstice, and it being the last stop on a long journey of a burial ritual, Stonehenge no doubt had a ritualistic history; however, this paper will focus on it being a place of healing. In 2010, Vince Gaffney, a professor of landscape archeology, set out on a three-year project in order to find out more about Stonehenge (Underhill 50). Gaffney worked on virtual excavations in the past and did the same thing with Stonehenge. He looked into all the past research, as well as did his own through virtual models and images. One thing that peaked his interest was a wooden structure about 1,000 yards away from Stonehenge, very similar in shape and size. He also noticed that Stonehenge may have had a wooden ring around the outside of the stones in the past. So, Gaffney decided to go on a three-year journey into discovering more about Stonehenge and the architectural structures around it. Using the latest technology at the time, Gaffney made his first discovery in just two weeks. According to William Underhill in his work Scientific America Vol. 304, Within just two weeks the team, armed with high-powered magnetometers and ground-penetrating radar, discovered traces of that putative timber ring (Underhill 50). This was exactly what he was hoping for because he knew that there was more to come based on his calculations from h is virtual research. Through more of his discoveries, there is now more information about what Stonehenge may have looked like in the beginning and after building was completed. Stonehenge has been defined as many different things by archeologists. Writer for Science News, Bruce Bower defined Stonehenge in a 2007 volume of the magazine as a legendary set of massive stones that people positioned on Salisbury Plain around [4,600 years ago] (Bower Vol. 171 67). He later stated in June of 2008, that it was a set of earth, timber and stone structures perched provocatively on Englands Salisbury Plain (Bower Vol. 173 13). These definitions are interesting because they changed a lot in only a one-year time period. This is because of all the new developments in technology, as well as more archeologists being interested in learning more about Stonehenge. Through a lot of Gaffneys research, as well as others, we now know what Stonehenge most likely looked like when it was first created c.a. 1600 B.C. Underhill stated that Stonehenge started off as a circular ditch and bank ¦possibly surrounding a ring of timber posts (Underhill 51). Later discoveries then helped to d evelop the idea that over the following 1,000 years, people brought in the giant blue stones and arranged them in a pattern to measure the summer solstice sun. These bluestones were important because they were said to have brought a healing property into the structure. After realizing what Stonehenge looked like, archeologists began digging into what Stonehenge was actually used for in 1600 B.C. Mike Parker Pearson, an archeologist at the University of Sheffield, announced a discovery made in 2007 of remains that were described to be part of a vast prehistoric settlement (Underhill 52). These remains were found about two miles away from Stonehenge itself. Pearson believed that the remains of the village-like structures where the builders of Stonehenge lived during the time they were building the monument. Through this discovery, he started considering that there might be other monuments linked to Stonehenge, so he started looking. He ended up excavating what is now known as the Southern Circle, a concentric ring of timber posts and said that it was the mirror image of the arrangement at Stonehenge (Underhill 52). This discovery lead to other archeological excavations and findings, showing that Stonehenge was only part of a larger landscape and ritual ground. Archeologists began to suspect that there might have been another reason for Stonehenge, however, when they discovered some human remains near Stonehenge that were not native to the area. In 2002, archeologists were continuing to excavate areas around Stonehenge. They came across some human remains three miles from the monument in a place called Amesbury. They belonged to a man that was from the Bronze Age, and he was buried with an assortment of different treasures and archery gear. He was named the Amesbury Archer because of these factors. He is believed to have been an important figure to the native people at the time. This was most likely because of his knowledge of metal working and the other advanced inventions he carried with him. When looking into the remains, archeologists found that he had lost a knee and had an infection that was causing his bones to deteriorate. Among further analysis of his teeth, Underhill writes that they suggested his original home was far away in the Alps (Underhill 53). This suggests that he came to Stonehenge because he wanted to be healed, or at least have some pain taken away because he had heard stories about the bluestones that Stonehenge was made up of. Other remains were found later on that were said to be a teenager from the Mediterranean and about seven sets of human remains were from Wales. Further theories about the healing properties have been found based on the stones in the structure itself. Many of the Stones in Stonehenge have vanished from the site and most of the stones that remain have chips carved out of them. Underhill writes that Darvill found plenty of tiny flakes apparently deliberately chipped off the larger blocks, perhaps for use as talismans (Underhill 53). Researchers today even believe that some of the original stones that are missing were shipped off to other places because some people could not go to Stonehenge themselves but needed the healing properties from the stones. Stonehenge has been said to have been a place of ritualistic burial, astronomical observations, as well as just a normal burial ground. When looking deeper into its core, however, one can see that it was also considered to be a place of healing and hope for people who were ill c.a. 1600 B.C. onward. Along with the other theories, this one has a great story behind it and some very interesting evidence to go along with it. Historians may never uncover exactly what Stonehenge was built for in the beginning, but they at least have good evidence and a strong story to give the public a good understanding of what it may have been for.

Essay on The Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders

The Effect of Stress on Cardiovascular Disorders A cardiovascular disorder is any disorder effecting the heart and circulatory system. There is evidence that links stress plays a role in the development of two types of cardiovascular disorders, hypertension (high blood pressure) and coronary heart disease (CHD), which reduces the flow of blood to the heart. Stress may directly cause cardiovascular problems by; rising heart rate which wears the lining of the blood vessels, increasing blood pressure which causes too much pressure on the blood vessels resulting in damage, also mounting glucose levels leading to blocked blood vessels. Stress can also have an effect on our lifestyle, we may find†¦show more content†¦In their support, Krantz et al did acquire informed approval from the patients. Williams et al (2000) also researched the consequence of stress on the cardiovascular system. They used 13,000 participants who were given a 10-qustion anger scale on their temper. At the time not any of the participants suffered from heart problems. Those who had the uppermost score on the anger scale were 2.7 times more likely to have suffered a heart attack than those who had scored least. Six years later the health of the participants were checked and 256 had suffered a heart attack. Russek and Zohma (1958) compiled a meta-analysis to study the effect on the cardiovascular system from stress. Participants were medical professionals; one group was selected as high stress (GPs and anaesthetists) and low stress (pathologists and dermatologists). Heart disease was most among GPs (12%) and least in dermatologists (3%). This demonstrates that peoples occupations present sources of stress that can have an impact on their health. This evidence supports the view that stress is related to heart disease but does not specify whether the link is direct or indirect. Rozanski et al (1999) found that that sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) was more reactive in some people than others - some people act in response to stress withShow MoreRelatedThe Nature of Stress Essay1263 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nature of Stress Much of our understanding of the nature of stress can be traced back to the work of Hans Seyle in the 1930s. Seyles research on rats and other animalsRead MoreVariations in the Experience of Depression1302 Words   |  5 Pagesof social forces and cognitive behavioral differences between women and men. The focus notes that women in communities with distinct traditional gender roles tend to have higher stress levels than societies where there are no major divides between gender roles. 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It can be either good stress or bad stress depending on the nature, extent and outcome. It can be a good stress if it is temporary, positive, motivational and helpful for an individual to accomplish more and can be a bad stress if it leads to mood swings and affects body systems. Stress is mostly commonly known as physical, emotional and mental disturbance of a human body. Things that are stressfulRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On Health And Mental Health Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesOvercoming Stress Have you seen a mental health expert about a mental health disorder, or were you diagnosed for such a condition? Most people will answer no even if they had a mental or emotional health issue in the past. Heath includes physical health and mental health, it’s not just physical. A lot of people hate to admit that they have mental disorder, and they might even refuse to seek a professional health care. 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The debate between essentialism and social construction Free Essays

The debate between essentialism and social construction is a very complicated one. Since both essentialists and social constructionists have different perspectives on matters, in order to be able to decide whether or not there was a presence of homosexual persons over time and place certain aspects have to be taken into consideration. Such as, was it biologically inherited, was it brought about with a preference on acts and desires or overtime influenced by religion, culture, beliefs, social norms, and acceptance has a define answer is a tough decision to make. We will write a custom essay sample on The debate between essentialism and social construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Essentialists are stereotypical; they choose to have a set definition of a homosexual, whereas a social constructionist would have variations in their idea of what makes a homosexual. A social constructionist would disagree with whether the presence of homosexual persons over time and place have a set thought as to homosexuality was biologically inherited because they would feel that, that would be limiting the thought of other aspects influencing homosexuality. Social constructionists would feel that there is not just one set category or definition that makes you a homosexual. For example, an essentialist would say that a homosexual is someone who has black hair; therefore everyone who has black hair to an essentialist would be a homosexual. Whereas, a social constructionist would say black hair, brown, yellow, purple it doesn’t matter it is in fact what that person felt that made him a homosexual. So taking an essentialist point of view stating that there was homosexual persons throughout time and place would discriminate other homosexuals who had different sexual desires, preferences, and acts that transcended through time due to other influencing matters. Matters such as culture, social norms and acceptance, beliefs, and backgrounds are good examples. Whereas Gordon and Abott state, â€Å"Social Constructionism usually has to do with categorizing. † This statement could be viewed as someone stating that religion is a deciding factor to whether someone is homosexual and someone else saying that background is a deciding factor to deciding homosexuality. There are two ideas or theory’s stated here that both do influence homosexually. A social constructionist would be able to figure out what is means to be influenced by religion and what is meant to be influenced by background, and be versatile between the two the groups allowing homosexual individuals themselves to decide which factor influenced them even if it was both religion and background.. While an essentialist would simply state those definitions and state which category he/she would fall into there would be not switching into groups. (Gordon and Abott). In the article the Hijras of India by Serena Nanda, the Hijras of India are viewed as a separate group just like gay, lesbian and bisexual people in any other cultures, countries, religions, etc, just because their differences are not viewed as a social norm. They are also treated differently in every aspect because of different influences such as births and weddings. Hijras are a religious group of men who dress and act like women either because they are men who are bisexual and gay, or because when they were young boys they were castrated because of religious beliefs. The Hijras that were castrated when the where young boys are neither men nor women and cannot reproduce so they are viewed as powerful, able to curse those who disrespect them, yet outsiders in their contribution to this India society. Considering gay, lesbian and bisexual lives are not accepted in this culture, would it be reasonable to say that these men who started this religious belief where gay or bisexual men are looking for a way to express there emotions in this non accepting society? This would be a social constructionist view because over time actions and desires have changed in this society because acceptance, beliefs, culture, etc have become more accepting and understanding of the true meaning behind this religious belief. Some other things that came up were are these acts still being performed to younger boys and is this against their religion to deny a human being the right to be male and reproduce (source: Nanda)? In Class on Tuesday September 23, 2003 we had a class discussion on biological differences or mishaps that happen to babies that make it confusing to decide what sex that baby really is. In this class discussion we looked at different examples of baby girls who had their chromosomes in tact but their ovaries were inside of them and had larger clitorises. Should they have been men? We also looked at many other different situations pertaining to that subject. This could also relate back to the Hijras because they could not help what was done to them and this was only done because of social norms and social acceptance. This being an essentialist point of view there was a need for order and meaning. A social constructionist would just simply say that they could fall into many categories and find out what it means to be an XYYY baby or an XX baby with no vagina hole. â€Å"Thus, social constructionists spend much time â€Å"deconstructing† things: demonstrating that a group of categories have no truth and showing how they are socially accomplished (Gordon and Abbott)† Instead of the doctors, parents or the Hijra men who decided what sex a child should be a social constructionist would not follow the social norm in a need to have order and find an answer they would except the difference and make it a category with meaning. Ancient Greece provides another example of how there has always been a presence of homosexuality with an influence from culture. There was presence of homosexuality then and still is today but it has been influenced throughout time by culture, acceptance, social norms etc†¦ , because over time religion, cultures, etc have become more important and more needed for order to place people by the essentialists (Vance). Social constructionist views are more acceptable to differences and variations form the social norms of order and judging. They have shown that there has been a presence of a homosexual person over time and place but not just one type of homosexual person variations of unique homosexual persons. Social constructionism proves that there is not just one way to be but many ways and many categories we can all fit in not judging upon sexual orientation. How to cite The debate between essentialism and social construction, Papers

The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay Example

The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Synth Pop is a genre that uses synthesizers to recreate the sounds of real audio instruments without actually having the instrument there; or in some cases do not even try to sound natural but as computerized as possible. Synthesizers were first used in the 1960s by rock bands and in the late 1970s by punk bands. Also in the late 1970s going into the early 1980s, synth only bands began to come out and created a whole new style, genre and generation of music. In the 1960s when synthesizers first began to be used, they were used to recreate audio instruments and were not used as a new style of music in its entirety but instead as an addition to what music was already around at the time. At this time it was used by bands such as The Doors and The Beatles, who used a synthesizer in their song that reached the top of the charts Strawberry Fields Forever. At this time synthesizers were very new, very large and very expensive; this meant that it was rarely used because of its price and was very hard to transport because of its size. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This showed the 60s as not being a time that was ready for synthesizers to dominate the music scene. Synth Pop is a genre that is securely defined, with its electronic sounds produced by synthesizers it gives off a recognizable sound. Originally made to replace instruments, but later turned into its own unique timbres that showed no natural elements at all. Music from a synthesizer gets its input from a MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) keyboard. Synth Pop when first developed as an individual genre sampled simplistic melodies that gave synth its catchy sound, but it still contained the typical song structure that was seen at the time with: Intro, Verse, Chorus, Re-Intro, Verse, Chorus, Instrumental, Chorus. Synth tracks tend to be primarily in diatonic keys, which is use of major and minor chords. They usually have four beats per bar in the songs and are typically upbeat with tempos ranging from 117 and 135 bpm (beats per minute). The synth timbres are sculpted using subtractive and additive synthesis involving complex combinations sine, saw, triangle and square waves, with the additional specific alteration of sound envelopes (ADSR). Some typical features in synth songs are drum machines, arpeggiated synth lines, use of auto-tune/vocoder, handclaps for snares. synth bass lines, syncopated kick drums, use of reverb, songs maintaing the same velocity levels throughout and songs that were lyrically centered around love, but did occasionally have darker meanings to them. The genre came about at a time of great modernization, especially in Britain. As old victorian infrastructures were knocked down and replaced with new modern buildings and cities were developed, music was also modernizing itself, the synth pop era came about. Although it did not come out of no where, synth pop was inspired by the earlier generation of music, punk. The soon to become synthesist musicians looked at the punk rock genre and appreciated the rebellious attitude that it carried with it, but however, saw the actual punk music as being old fashioned and with the increasing popularity and availability of synthesizers, decided to create a new genre of music changing all of music current conventions. The sound of the synthesizer was now seen as the sound of the future, it was something different that people had never heard before, purely electronically generated music, and this sense of unfamiliarity that people had with the music is what made it attract to its audience. Music was now going from classic rock with guitar solos, to performances with nothing more than synthesizers and drum machines up on stage with no natural instruments in site. So as a genre synth pop started in the 70s and blossomed in the 80s. The first electronic sounds heard came from the Clockwork Orange Soundtrack, this soundtrack instigated a whole new generation of synthesists. The German band Kraftwerk was one of the first groups to popularize synth music, especially in the UK. The kick-started a whole new style and were the people who broke away from the 80s style of long hair and flared trousers. They came over to England performing in suits and with short hair, which was of course looked on skeptically, but was also seen as a breath of fresh air, breaking away from the current punk rock conformities that pretty much ruled the nation. A more nerdy form of rebellion that proved to inspire much music after its time and have lasting affect across all types of genres. Other artists as well as Kraftwerk that had major influences on the genre and music in general at this time were musicians such as: Giorgio Moroder, who teamed up with Donna Summer to release single I feel love in 1977, this was primarily a disco song but again kick-started the electronic sound that people became so fond of; The Human League from Sheffield who debuted with single Being Boiled in 1978 and also Gary Numan, who actually inspired Kraftwerk. Artists such as: Pet Shop Boys, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Aha and Goldfrapp also followed in the 1980s. In the 1980s Synth Pop took over the music scene, but was seen to die out in the nineties and going into the 21st century, although not dying out completely. Although the genre decreasing in popularity in later years, it didnt effect the influence that the genre had carried with it in its time. It had added aspects to music that now affect the majority if not all types of music and has shaped other genres to form. As time went on from the 60s, 70s and 80s synthesizers became much cheaper, smaller and more widely used; eventually resulting with the extinguishing of the need for a synthesizer all together. Nowadays all you need is the right software and a MIDI keyboard and you can still program in any sounds that you like, with software such as: Cubase, Logic, Ableton and Reason. Since the genres decreasing in popularity it has largely affected other genres that came after synth pop, such as: RB, Hip Hop, Dance and modern day pop; all of these genres use aspects of synth sounds in their music. Synth music is still around, but in most cases has taken a different direction to what it was back in the 1980s with artists such as: Owl City, Ambient Blue, Imogen Heap, Frou Frou and La Roux. These artists still carry the majority of the traits left by 80s synth pop but have made themselves relevant to todays audience; synth pop has had a profound effect on the music we listen to today and it always will do as music progresses over time. The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay Example The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Essay The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre Synth Pop is a genre that uses synthesizers to recreate the sounds of real audio instruments without actually having the instrument there; or in some cases do not even try to sound natural but as computerized as possible. Synthesizers were first used in the 1960s by rock bands and in the late 1970s by punk bands. Also in the late 1970s going into the early 1980s, synth only bands began to come out and created a whole new style, genre and generation of music. In the 1960s when synthesizers first began to be used, they were used to recreate audio instruments and were not used as a new style of music in its entirety but instead as an addition to what music was already around at the time. At this time it was used by bands such as The Doors and The Beatles, who used a synthesizer in their song that reached the top of the charts Strawberry Fields Forever. At this time synthesizers were very new, very large and very expensive; this meant that it was rarely used because of its price and was very hard to transport because of its size. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fingerprints of Synth Pop as a Genre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This showed the 60s as not being a time that was ready for synthesizers to dominate the music scene. Synth Pop is a genre that is securely defined, with its electronic sounds produced by synthesizers it gives off a recognizable sound. Originally made to replace instruments, but later turned into its own unique timbres that showed no natural elements at all. Music from a synthesizer gets its input from a MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) keyboard. Synth Pop when first developed as an individual genre sampled simplistic melodies that gave synth its catchy sound, but it still contained the typical song structure that was seen at the time with: Intro, Verse, Chorus, Re-Intro, Verse, Chorus, Instrumental, Chorus. Synth tracks tend to be primarily in diatonic keys, which is use of major and minor chords. They usually have four beats per bar in the songs and are typically upbeat with tempos ranging from 117 and 135 bpm (beats per minute). The synth timbres are sculpted using subtractive and additive synthesis involving complex combinations sine, saw, triangle and square waves, with the additional specific alteration of sound envelopes (ADSR). Some typical features in synth songs are drum machines, arpeggiated synth lines, use of auto-tune/vocoder, handclaps for snares. synth bass lines, syncopated kick drums, use of reverb, songs maintaing the same velocity levels throughout and songs that were lyrically centered around love, but did occasionally have darker meanings to them. The genre came about at a time of great modernization, especially in Britain. As old victorian infrastructures were knocked down and replaced with new modern buildings and cities were developed, music was also modernizing itself, the synth pop era came about. Although it did not come out of no where, synth pop was inspired by the earlier generation of music, punk. The soon to become synthesist musicians looked at the punk rock genre and appreciated the rebellious attitude that it carried with it, but however, saw the actual punk music as being old fashioned and with the increasing popularity and availability of synthesizers, decided to create a new genre of music changing all of music current conventions. The sound of the synthesizer was now seen as the sound of the future, it was something different that people had never heard before, purely electronically generated music, and this sense of unfamiliarity that people had with the music is what made it attract to its audience. Music was now going from classic rock with guitar solos, to performances with nothing more than synthesizers and drum machines up on stage with no natural instruments in site. So as a genre synth pop started in the 70s and blossomed in the 80s. The first electronic sounds heard came from the Clockwork Orange Soundtrack, this soundtrack instigated a whole new generation of synthesists. The German band Kraftwerk was one of the first groups to popularize synth music, especially in the UK. The kick-started a whole new style and were the people who broke away from the 80s style of long hair and flared trousers. They came over to England performing in suits and with short hair, which was of course looked on skeptically, but was also seen as a breath of fresh air, breaking away from the current punk rock conformities that pretty much ruled the nation. A more nerdy form of rebellion that proved to inspire much music after its time and have lasting affect across all types of genres. Other artists as well as Kraftwerk that had major influences on the genre and music in general at this time were musicians such as: Giorgio Moroder, who teamed up with Donna Summer to release single I feel love in 1977, this was primarily a disco song but again kick-started the electronic sound that people became so fond of; The Human League from Sheffield who debuted with single Being Boiled in 1978 and also Gary Numan, who actually inspired Kraftwerk. Artists such as: Pet Shop Boys, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, Aha and Goldfrapp also followed in the 1980s. In the 1980s Synth Pop took over the music scene, but was seen to die out in the nineties and going into the 21st century, although not dying out completely. Although the genre decreasing in popularity in later years, it didnt effect the influence that the genre had carried with it in its time. It had added aspects to music that now affect the majority if not all types of music and has shaped other genres to form. As time went on from the 60s, 70s and 80s synthesizers became much cheaper, smaller and more widely used; eventually resulting with the extinguishing of the need for a synthesizer all together. Nowadays all you need is the right software and a MIDI keyboard and you can still program in any sounds that you like, with software such as: Cubase, Logic, Ableton and Reason. Since the genres decreasing in popularity it has largely affected other genres that came after synth pop, such as: RB, Hip Hop, Dance and modern day pop; all of these genres use aspects of synth sounds in their music. Synth music is still around, but in most cases has taken a different direction to what it was back in the 1980s with artists such as: Owl City, Ambient Blue, Imogen Heap, Frou Frou and La Roux. These artists still carry the majority of the traits left by 80s synth pop but have made themselves relevant to todays audience; synth pop has had a profound effect on the music we listen to today and it always will do as music progresses over time.

the effects of Alcatraz essays

the effects of Alcatraz essays Between the years 1934 and 1963 one of the most infamous prisons in history was operated. Alcatraz Island Federal Penitentiary earned a reputation for being one of the most feared prisons in the world. Its maximum security escape-proof environment was built to house the most villainous criminals of its time. For 29 years, under four wardens, Alcatraz Penitentiary succeeded as being a place of isolation and reformation for a total of 1,567 inmates. During the 1930s a crime wave crashed through American towns and cities. The primary cause for the eruption and eventual spread of criminal activity, during this period known as the Gangster Era, was the legal prohibition of intoxicating drinks. Gangs such as the Toughy Gang were involved in robberies, dealing with post offices and mail-delivery vehicles, around the country. Other well-known offenders included Al Capone, machine gun kelly, albert bates, harvey baily, and john dillinger (all who ended up in alcatraz, except for dillinger who was killed by the police). It was clear that the local law enforcement agencies were unable to combat the threat these men posed to the community. Even when they were captured and incarcerated, it was not uncommon for them to escape and continue their dealings in a new city or state. The increased element of criminal activity in American cities made it clear that America needed a place to isolate its most dangerous public enemies. The government recognized the benefits that such an institution would provide. If this group of men, known as the toughest two percent, were isolated from society and even from other prisoners in the state institutions, a great burden would be lifted from the federal system. The attorney general at the time, homer s. cummings, consulted president Franklin Roosevelt about the concept of building a prison for the sole purpose of reforming and iso...

Overview of The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe

Overview of 'The Education of Women' by Daniel Defoe Best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe  (1719), Daniel Defoe was an extremely versatile and prolific author. A journalist as well as a novelist, he produced more than 500 books, pamphlets, and journals. The following essay first appeared in 1719, the same year in which Defoe published the first volume of Robinson Crusoe. Observe how he directs his appeals to a male audience as he develops his argument that women should be allowed full and ready access to education. The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe I have often thought of it as one of the most barbarous customs in the world, considering us as a civilized and a Christian country, that we deny the advantages of learning to women. We reproach the sex every day with folly and impertinence; while I am confident, had they the advantages of education equal to us, they would be guilty of less than ourselves. One would wonder, indeed, how it should happen that women are conversible at all; since they are only beholden to natural parts, for all their knowledge. Their youth is spent to teach them to stitch and sew or make baubles. They are taught to read, indeed, and perhaps to write their names, or so; and that is the height of a woman’s education. And I would but ask any who slight the sex for their understanding, what is a man (a gentleman, I mean) good for, that is taught no more? I need not give instances, or examine the character of a gentleman, with a good estate, or a good family, and with tolerable parts; and examine what figure he makes for want of education. The soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond; and must be polished, or the luster of it will never appear. And ’tis manifest, that as the rational soul distinguishes us from brutes; so education carries on the distinction, and makes some less brutish than others. This is too evident to need any demonstration. But why then should women be denied the benefit of instruction? If knowledge and understanding had been useless additions to the sex, GOD Almighty would never have given them capacities; for he made nothing needless. Besides, I would ask such, What they can see in ignorance, that they should think it a necessary ornament to a woman? or how much worse is a wise woman than a fool? or what has the woman done to forfeit the privilege of being taught? Does she plague us with her pride and impertinence? Why did we not let her learn, that she might have had more wit? Shall we upbraid women with folly, when ’tis only the error of this inhuman custom, that hindered t hem from being made wiser? The capacities of women are supposed to be greater, and their senses quicker than those of the men; and what they might be capable of being bred to, is plain from some instances of female wit, which this age is not without. Which upbraids us with Injustice, and looks as if we denied women the advantages of education, for fear they should vie with the men in their improvements. [They] should be taught all sorts of breeding suitable both to their genius and quality. And in particular, Music and Dancing; which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings. But besides this, they should be taught languages, as particularly French and Italian: and I would venture the injury of giving a woman more tongues than one. They should, as a particular study, be taught all the graces of speech, and all the necessary air of conversation; which our common education is so defective in, that I need not expose it. They should be brought to read books, and especially history; and so to read as to make them understand the world, and be able to know and judge of things when they hear of them. To such whose genius would lead them to it, I would deny no sort of learning; but the chief thing, in general, is to cultivate the understandings of the sex, that they may be capable of all sorts of conversation; that their parts and judgments being improved, they may be as profitable in their conversation as they are pleasant. Women, in my observation, have little or no difference in them, but as they are or are not distinguished by education. Tempers, indeed, may in some degree influence them, but the main distinguishing part is their Breeding. The whole sex are generally quick and sharp. I believe, I may be allowed to say, generally so: for you rarely see them lumpish and heavy, when they are children; as boys will often be. If a woman be well bred, and taught the proper management of her natural wit, she proves generally very sensible and retentive. And, without partiality, a woman of sense and manners is the finest and most delicate part of Gods Creation, the glory of Her Maker, and the great instance of His singular regard to man, His darling creature: to whom He gave the best gift either God could bestow or man receive. And ’tis the sordidest piece of folly and ingratitude in the world, to withhold from the sex the due luster which the advantages of education gives to the natural beauty of their minds. A woman well bred and well taught, furnished with the additional accomplishments of knowledge and behavior, is a creature without comparison. Her society is the emblem of sublimer enjoyments, her person is angelic, and her conversation heavenly. She is all softness and sweetness, peace, love, wit, and delight. She is every way suitable to the sublimest wish, and the man that has such a one to his portion, has nothing to do but to rejoice in her, and be thankful. On the other hand, Suppose her to be the very same woman, and rob her of the benefit of education, and it follows- - If her temper be good, want of education makes her soft and easy. Her wit, for want of teaching, makes her impertinent and talkative. Her knowledge, for want of judgment and experience, makes her fanciful and whimsical. If her temper be bad, want of breeding makes her worse; and she grows haughty, insolent, and loud. If she be passionate, want of manners makes her a termagant and a scold, which is much at one with Lunatic. If she be proud, want of discretion (which still is breeding) makes her conceited, fantastic, and ridiculous. And from these she degenerates to be turbulent, clamorous, noisy, nasty, the devil! The great distinguishing difference, which is seen in the world between men and women, is in their education; and this is manifested by comparing it with the difference between one man or woman, and another. And herein it is that I take upon me to make such a bold assertion, That all the world are mistaken in their practice about women. For I cannot think that God Almighty ever made them so delicate, so glorious creatures; and furnished them with such charms, so agreeable and so delightful to mankind; with souls capable of the same accomplishments with men: and all, to be only Stewards of our Houses, Cooks, and Slaves. Not that I am for exalting the female government in the least: but, in short, I would have men take women for companions, and educate them to be fit for it. A woman of sense and breeding will scorn as much to encroach upon the prerogative of man, as a man of sense will scorn to oppress the weakness of the woman. But if the women’s souls were refined and improved by teaching, that word would be lost. To say, the weakness of the sex, as to judgment, would be nonsense; for ignorance and folly would be no more to be found among women than men. I remember a passage, which I heard from a very fine woman. She had wit and capacity enough, an extraordinary shape and face, and a great fortune: but had been cloistered up all her time; and for fear of being stolen, had not had the liberty of being taught the common necessary knowledge of women’s affairs. And when she came to converse in the world, her natural wit made her so sensible of the want of education, that she gave this short reflection on herself: I am ashamed to talk with my very maids, says she, for I don’t know when they do right or wrong. I had more need go to school, than be married. I need not enlarge on the loss the defect of education is to the sex; nor argue the benefit of the contrary practice. ’Tis a thing will be more easily granted than remedied. This chapter is but an Essay at the thing: and I refer the Practice to those Happy Days (if ever they shall be) when men shall be wise enough to mend it.

Religions world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religions world - Essay Example The perception is likened to a seed that will naturally and inevitable mature to create another fruit. This pattern in inevitable and out of our control. The other perception is based on the general role of karma to influence results and action (Matthews 109). This level covers the entire process karmic action as provided by Buddhist teachers. Under the Buddhism path, genuine and accurate explanation of karmic action is developed. The accuracy of the process is only explained by the assumption that a person’s action shaped the consequences or outcome of the entire process (Matthews 142). In addition, the religious perspective includes the assumption that karma dictate the cycle of rebirth in human beings. In an argument by Matthews Buddhism does view karma and enforced by a supernatural being, but as a natural cycle that must occur regardless of the intent to action by a person (109). For this reason, intent towards an action, either negative, positive or neutral attracts a karmic result. Different from Buddhism the perception of Karma in Jainism includes the assumption that karma is a cause of our actions from the mind, body and soul. Consequently, a person attracts karma when they think negatively about another person. In addition, Matthews asserts that in Jainism good actions are not important if the thoughts of a person are not good (161). The theory also develop the assumption that karma exists in small particles, pudgala, across the universe. The particles ensure that karmas are attracted to the karmic field by vibrations from the mind, soul and body. With no person or being controlling the vice, Jainism believes that every person has a similar potential to attain eternity. However, this can only be achieved if a person tries and attains it by minimizing their karma. The concept of karma in Hinduism is similar to the other religions as it cites the action of a man determines the consequences of the results. However, early

Teaching Plan Breast Feeding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teaching Plan Breast Feeding - Essay Example The milk from the human breast is considered as the healthiest form of nutrition for infants. (Picciano, 2001) However, most women are not ready to deal with breastfeeding in the aftermath of childbirth because of a lack of education. A lack of appreciation for breastfeeding’s advantages and the cumbersome routine forces most women to bottle feed their infants which has higher risks associated with it. In the given scenario, the mother is new to the concept of breastfeeding and so needs education as well as intervention in order to facilitate her and her child. Various aspects related to breastfeeding will be clarified using a teaching plan which will include typical problems, sources of confusion and their solutions along with focus on the patient. Bottle Feeding versus Breast Feeding Education The learning objectives will concentrate on making breastfeeding seem like a better choice than bottle feeding to the client. The client will be provided with a comparison of both bott le feeding and breastfeeding from the aspects of nutrition, comfort and cost. The client is new to childbirth and care so is confused between breastfeeding and bottle feeding. It could be expected that she would be eager to learn about these concepts to clarify her confusion. The content covered will delineate that breast milk is nutritionally superior to formulas and is easily digested and absorbed by the baby. Moreover the contents of breast milk change automatically to suit the baby’s needs while formulas require constant intervention on the part of the paediatrician. Moreover breast milk is free while formula milk costs between $54 and $198 each month depending on brand. Breast milk does not need any preparation or conditioning while formula milk does. However breastfeeding is uncomfortable initially and care must be taken to avoid certain kinds of medications. (American Pregnancy Association, 2011) The mother’s learning will be evaluated through oral quizzing and her concepts will be reinforced as required. Proper Nutrition and Fluids during Breastfeeding At the conclusion of the learning session the patient will be expected to know what kinds of nutrients are required during breastfeeding and what foods could be expected to provide such nutrition. Moreover the patient will develop an understanding of why fluids are needed and what quantity should be consumed each day to facilitate lactation. The patient will be told to increase the amount of milk and starch based products in diet and to consume the prenatal vitamins during breastfeeding in the originally prescribed quantity. The consumption of calories will be increased by around 500 while fluid intake would be enhanced by 8 to 12 glasses each day with preference provided to milk. Furthermore the patient will be told to consume fruits in preference to fruit juices so as to avoid too much calorie intake. (Health Pages, 2011) The patient will be told to record food intake for at least a few w eeks and this will be monitored. Any intervention required would be based on these records. The patient will further be evaluated for sticking to the instructions provided. Nipple and Breast Care The patient will be expected to learn why breast and nipple care is necessary and what extents should be taken to avoid infection and swelling. The proper latching techniques will be demonstrated to the patient through the use of diagrams and videos to enhance understanding as mere

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

Economic Benefits of Hosting the Commonwealth Games

Msc Accounting & Finance at LSE

During this dire economic times, the emphasis on quality accounting and finance practice is greater than ever. These two areas have been my area of focus in my education and career goals. I am looking to take another step towards my aspirations by gaining more knowledge through enrolling in the MSc Accounting and Finance program. I believe I have what it takes to do well as well as contribute to LSE during my graduate study. I was born and raised in Indonesia until I was ten when I went to Singapore seeking better education while my family remained in Indonesia. After graduating at the top of my class from my secondary school, I decided to pursue my college education in the US despite of my family's strong disapproval. In March 2009, I graduated from University of California, Los Angeles with a Summa Cum Laude and College Honors after spending only three years, instead of the customary four years, pursuing my Bachelor's Degree in Business Economics with Minor in Accounting. I managed to stay on the Dean's List while being active in extra-curricular activities in clubs such as the Golden Key International Honors Society as well as the UCLA Student Accounting Society. I also volunteered at Special Olympics Southern California, a non-profit organization that provides activities to mentally challenged individuals. Here, I learnt the different accounting system involved in running a non-profit organization as compared to a for-profit. My initial interest in accounting and finance started when I was young. I observed how my parents, who were running an electrical supplies distributing company, struggled through the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Many businesses closed down and it finally led to a riot, as people demanded political reforms, which made it even more difficult for us, being a Chinese minority in a 90% Muslim population. After a couple of years, my parents managed to bring the company out of financial troubles through proper budget planning and restructuring. At UCLA, I had the privilege to interact with people from different cultural backgrounds through organizing events and project work. This gave me an insight to how people work and opened my mind to other perspectives. My professors are experts in their fields and the teaching programs are very flexible and diverse. My courses span across economics, finance, management as well as accounting. My passion in finance was further developed during my college years, particularly in hedge fund investments, real estate and currency exchange. I have been keeping track of the current updates through news and articles ever since. I always have a deep curiosity in the relationship between countries and how they interact for finance and business purposes. With the situation in the global market getting more complicated and volatile, it has become increasingly important to make informed decisions to minimize risks. When I graduated in 2009, the US was in the middle of the biggest financial meltdown and it was difficult to find a promising job when thousands were losing theirs each day. I was glad when I found one though not a well-known firm in my field of interest but it unexpectedly gave me a peek at the education system in the US. It was a supplemental education service provider that has contracts with government schools to provide extra tutorials to underachieving students with financial difficulties. The whole system looks good on paper, but on practice, I think the policy has numerous flaws. As soon as I learned the ropes and the business operations there, I decided to explore other opportunities. My professional goal is to have a strong career in financial consulting and finally able to run my own business. I will continue to seek and gain valuable experience through education and work experience. I turned to Singapore, which has increasingly become one of the strongest economies in the Asian region. I am now working as Accounts Consultant in a management services firm, providing accounting and corporate tax consultancy to small and medium enterprises. My work scope includes meeting clients, preparing financial reports, analyzing their financial conditions and giving tax-saving advices. From the job, I get to practice what I learned in school and apply it in real-world situation as well as gain skills in leadership, management and analytical thinking. The learning curve is very steep especially when I had to master Singapore's accounting and tax policies in a short time to make practical recommendations to my clients. Through my two years of work experience, the learning curve is very steep. I am glad that I have great supervisors that are willing to guide me. I am not afraid of hard work and I am very independent. I want to be able to make a difference one step at a time. With my knowledge, I hope to assist people to achieve better standards and help propel other businesses through proper practice. LSE is a leading world-class research institution that I believe will help me advance to the next step in my long-term goals. I thrive on challenges and having lived in many countries, I am used to being out of my comfort zone and adapt well to atypical situations. I have experienced the US and Asia, and now I am looking to delve into another region. What better way to do that than to immerse myself in the international community at the heart of London.

Starting a Small Business in Germany - 2921 Words

Starting a small business in Germany Abstract Small and medium enterprises are the vital part of Germanys economy and so the Government makes it easy for residents and non-residents to start and run a small business in any part of Germany. After considering whether a small business is perfect for you and your lifestyle, you can decide from the five different forms of business ownership. The next step is to choose an appropriate name for your business and then you can apply to the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology for license and permits. Understand the taxation rates of Germany and then look for means to brand your business using the right media. When these steps are undertaken, you are all set to begin your small business. The success rate in Germany is fairly high and this means, you have a fairly good chance of being successful. Keywords: Small business, Germany, sole proprietorship, business license, tax, VAT, branding, marketing, German Government, employment in Germany, Germany economy. Introduction The procedures and formalities involved starting a small business in Germany is fairly straight-forward. This is because the German Government and the society as a whole understands the importance of small business to their economy and has made it easy to encourage entrepreneurs like me. This paper aims to describe what I should do to start a small business in this country. It discusses the different aspects that I should consider including theShow MoreRelatedThe Difficulties Of Starting A Small Business1341 Words   |  6 PagesThe Difficulties of Starting a Small Business in Germany Starting a business is not easy on any continent; however there is a wide range of challenges for start-ups that vary within each country. 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How Using Brain Based Learning Or Whole Brain Teaching Essay

Whether you are an educator, administrator, or even a parent you understand how important student engagement is to academic performance and positive behavior. When students are engaged, they are learning the concepts, on-task and producing excellent work. However, when students are not engaged in the learning process and not taking responsibility for their learning, they may engage in off-task behaviors, complain about the workload, put their heads on their hands, or stare of into space. When this occurs, students are unable to take in the necessary concepts being taught to them and therefore, create an attitude towards learning that lacks academic drive and reflects negatively on behavior. Student engagement drives the classroom environment and can impact a child’s education either positively or negatively. A great deal of research has been done on the topic of using brain-based learning to increase student engagement in the classroom setting. This work will examine how using brain-based learning or Whole Brain Teaching (WBT) methods can increase engagement by first defining engagement and investigating the positive and negative affects it can have on learning. Second, by addressing the connection between engagement and neuroscience and understanding how teaching the way the brain learns naturally can increase positive and interactive engagement. And finally, bringing attention to the research done on Whole Brain Teaching as a brain-based learning method and how teachersShow MoreRelatedThe 12 Principles And Its Implications For Brain Based Instruction1311 Words   |  6 Pages12 principles synthesize research related to the brain and learning from many disciplines and present it in a form that is useful to educators. These functions can be used a theoretical foundation for brain based learning and offer guidelines and a frame work for teaching and learning. 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The Act Model Is The Action Or Behavior ( Experiential...

However, it is the action or behavior (experiential avoidance) that leads to the problem. Furthermore, according to the ACT model, when clients try and control these unwanted thoughts and emotions they actually only increase their difficulty (sadness about feeing unwanted or worthless). The ACT model suggests that the very effort to control ones’ emotions and thoughts increases the likelihood of failure and consequently increasing their avoidance. Therefore, according to this model therapist help the client to refocus their efforts. Rather than focusing on escaping their unwanted thoughts and feelings to work towards acceptance. This acceptance could change the clients perpetuating cycle of ruminating on their painful depressive thoughts that they have become fused to. This disruption in their ruminative thought pattern has the potential to allow the client to begin to orient their thoughts through observation and awareness. Moreover, the ACT model then aims to orient the client back to their values and help clients to allow more adaptive responses and thoughts in and reduce their stress and depressive thoughts (Walser, et al., 2015; Walser, Chartier, Sears, 2011). According to the ACT model for depression therapists begin by gathering background information and to understand how the client orients them self, meaning language that they use about themselves and about their suffering. During the beginning phase of treatment clients could be asked to complete a BDI-II. NextShow MoreRelatedAvoidance Of Experiences That May Create Negative Internal Reactions1507 Words   |  7 PagesAvoidance of experiences that may create negative internal reactions is generalized to avoidance of many other activities, restricting the individual’s engagement in valued action and increasing distress. 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Workplace Bullying Activists Free Essays

string(74) " with a celebrity spokesperson, rather than the content of the arguments\." Gary Namie, PhD, Ruth Namie, PhD Pamela Lutgen-Sandvik, PhD In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. We will write a custom essay sample on Workplace Bullying Activists or any similar topic only for you Order Now Zapf, C. Cooper (Eds. ) Workplace Bullying: Development in Theory, Research and Practice (2nd edition). London: Taylor Francis 2009, in press Challenging Workplace Bullying in the USA: A Communication and Activist Perspective Introduction The goals of the multi-faceted 12-yearold campaign have been to raise awareness, and to reverse acceptance, of workplace bullying in the United States. In this chapter, we discuss the Workplace Bullying Institute’s (WBI, workplacebullying. rg) efforts with three principal constituent groups and report the current state of progress as well as the barriers we continue to face in meeting those goals. The organization has a long history of assistance for bullied workers, legislative advocacy and collaboration with academics (e. g. , Lutgen-Sandvik, Namie Namie, 2009; Neuman, 2000; Yamada, 2008; Yamada, 2002). Prior to detailing the state of U. S. awareness regarding the bullying phenomenon, we outline the central ideas behind communication ca mpaigns that focus on public health issues, such as workplace bullying, and persuasion theories relevant to the work. We then review the current state of this campaign in the United States focusing on efforts directed at three groups: the public [e. g. , bullied workers (targets), witnesses, nonbelievers], lawmakers, and employers. We close with work yet to be done and future directions to continue these U. S. endeavors. Public Health Campaigns Communication campaigns focused on reducing threats to public health have four essential elements (Salmon Atkin, 2003). First, they are intended to generate specific outcomes. In the anti-bullying campaign, these goals are to raise awareness and reverse acceptance of workplace bullying in the United States. Second, campaigns seek to meet their goals with a variety of constitu- ent groups or stakeholders. The key stakeholders in the anti-bullying campaign are persons suffering because of bullying, organizational decision makers responsible for work environments, and lawmakers who have the power to mandate worker protections against psychological violence at work. Third, public health campaigns meet these goals with stakeholder groups through â€Å"an organized set of communication activities† (Salmon Atkin, p. 450).  How can the families of the veteran better understand what to expect and how to deal with their loved ones suffering from PTSD? An important aspect of public health campaigns is segmentation of stakeholder audiences and crafting messages specifically targeting particular audiences. Message efficiency is maximized when the intended audiences are ordered according to importance and effectiveness is maximized when messages are tailored for specific audiences. There are three constituent groups addressed by the U. S. anti-bullying campaign. First, we strive to mentor targeted workers directly through coaching and indirectly through websites, speeches, and the self-help book for bullied workers and their families, The Bully at Work (Namie Namie, 2009a). Another campaign focus is the national, grassroots-lobbying project to enact anti-bullying legislation (authored by law professor David Yamada, see his chapter in this volume) in the states. The third focus is devising interventions for employers who voluntarily adopt bullying prevention policies and procedures. Applicable Persuasion Theories Two theoretical models of persuasion derived from social psychology are also applicable to the goals of convincing Americans that workplace bullying is a negative societal phenomenon deserving mitigation and eventual eradication. The first is social judgment theory (SJT) (Sherif Sherif, 1968). SJT posits cognitive processes that explain attitude change. Opinions tied to one’s self-identity are said to be anchored and resistant to change. So when a message is formulated to change one’s opinion toward bullying, the degree of personal (or ego) involvement initially determines how the person will evaluate the persuasion attempt. In practice, personal or vicarious involvement with bullying incidents is a good predictor of a lawmaker’s willingness to sponsor legislation. Pre-existing categories by which new information is judged are (1) the latitude of acceptance for acceptable positions (with an egoassociated anchor opinion setting the size of the latitude, i. e. , tolerance); (2) the latitude of noncommitment are those positions which are neither accepted nor rejected; and (3) the latitude of rejection for positions actively opposed. Incoming information is distorted to fit those categories. According to SJT, people are most persuaded when not predisposed to favor the communicated position if they are initially on-committal or indifferent about the issue. In order to for a person to understand and concur with the anti-bullying activists’ positions, the message recipient, regardless of constituent group, must be able to assimilate the position because the difference between the person’s anchor (starting) opinion and the activists’ argument is small to moderate. People indifferent about bullying can also be convinced to adopt the activist’s position if the individual’s anchor position is close to her or his acceptance zone. Large discrepancies do not lead to change. Rather than assimilation of disconfirming messages, they are rejected out of hand. SJT does partially explain the inflexibility of both the targeted worker and employer representative who often find themselves entrenched in adversarial roles, each unwilling or unable to understand the other’s attitudes toward bullying. A more nuanced theory of persuasion that can apply to anti-bullying activism is the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) (Petty Cacioppo, 1986). This cognitive process model derives its name from the likelihood that a person thinks deeply (elaborates) about a message when exposed to it. The basic premise of this model is that the route by which a message persuades its recipients depends on their involvement with the message – an aspect shared with the SJT. Two routes exist: the central route and the peripheral route. In the former, people have both the motivation (strength of desire to process the message, love of cognitive engagement) and the ability to critically evaluate the message. According to ELM, people with both motivation and ability will diligently process information via central route processing. They will look for and respond to strong arguments in favor of the message and counter what they perceive as weak arguments. When people lack the motivation or ability to evaluate the message, they are more likely to respond to cues associated with the message (peripheral route processing), such as entertainment value or association with a celebrity spokesperson, rather than the content of the arguments. You read "Workplace Bullying Activists" in category "Papers" In short, high involvement leads to central processing resembling traditional hierarchy models; low involvement leads to peripheral processing. Petty and Cacioppo (1986) considered attitudes which are the product of central route processing to be more accessible, persistent, resistant to change, and a better predictor of behavior than when the peripheral route is taken. Conditions that promote high elaboration can also affect the extent to which a person has confidence in, and thus trusts, her or his own thoughts in response to a message (Petty, Brinol, Tormala, 2002). After one invests time and cognitive effort to weigh the merits of persuasive arguments, adoption of those positions serves a self-validating role. However, high elaboration is difficult to achieve for different reasons for the three constituent groups in the campaign against workplace bullying. First, targeted workers in an emotional, aroused and negative state often lack the ability to take the central, more mentally demanding route to learn about the bullying phenomenon. Most targets learn initially about bullying on the internet, on television or from a newspaper article. Contemporary website design incorporates peripheral cue complexity (moving images, multiple columns, colors, embedded videos, lots of graphics) to pique the attention of minimally involved web browsers. Targets strained by the stresses of bullying are capable of little more than minimal involvement. The WBI web designer changed the site from its original voluminous, content-rich, but barely navigable, version to a newer one with augmented attention to peripheral details so as to not burden targets searching for answers to fundamental questions. The ELM offers sophisticated explanations for Google’s efficient, text-based, targeted advertisements resulting in clickthrough rates 10 times more effective than banner advertising (McHugh, 2004). The low peripheral cue complexity of text-only ads is precisely what the central route processor is seeking — concise information directly related to the economic or social outcome sought, allowing them to process significant amounts of information efficiently and thoroughly. On the other hand, the high degree of peripheral cue complexity designed into banner ads with splashy colors and motion graphics entices the casual, low involvement web surfer. This information complexity variable is important to anti-bullying activists because initial interactions with bullied individuals are primarily through website contacts. There is one other variable that interacts with effectiveness of web content for bullied individuals – the phase of the bullying episode when the visitor discovers the website. In the beginning of bullying episodes, targeted workers are consumed with stabilizing and sensemaking tasks to cope with the uninvited assault that disrupted their psychological comfort (Lutgen-Sandvik, 2008). Bombardment with information (central route processing in the ELM model) during acute phases is ineffective. Next, targets begin to respond to the trauma and stigma ttached to bullying by neutralizing and countering accusations purported by the bully. Repairing one’s reputation comes next as shame is gradually reversed. In the post-bullying phase, when targets are no longer vulnerable to bullying, grieving over the losses (e. g. , belief in justice) and major life and career restructuring take precedence. At this point, targets may be able to incorporate information necessary for recovery. The lesson for communicating effectively to bullied targets is that when they are able to be involved, e. g. calm enough to digest more than a couple of paragraphs, and sufficiently motivated, e. g. , to want to understand the complexity of their bullying problem, comprehensive, substantive resources should be available for them. Bullying website designers have to consider the different phases through which bullied targets pass in order to optimize the utility of the site for emotional visitors who demand immediacy as well as visitors capable of contemplative, in-depth information processing. A majority of U. S. lawmakers have difficulty incorporating the message that a law should be enacted. Applying ELM theory to their receptivity, we conclude that few are sufficiently motivated. A lawmaker’s likely motivation to advance workers’ rights is blocked by a counter-campaign to protect and enlarge employers’ rights by business lobbyists who outspend labor activists by a 40:1 ratio in election campaign contributions. Further, the ability of lawmakers to attend to the details of the persuasive arguments in favor of anti-bullying legislation is undermined by their hectic schedules during short legislative seasons in most states (varying from 60-180 days per year). Few have time to study any issue in depth. Lawmakers are swayed more by vivid, televised tales of egregious crimes for which laws are hastily crafted. Prevalent phenomena like bullying are considered routine, thus, relatively benign and not covered daily in the media. Therefore, when lobbying for legislation, we are careful to devote most face-to-face meeting time to descriptions of horrific experiences (emotionally-charged tales enhance attention through pe- ripheral cue complexity) told by individuals. The less compelling prevalence statistics and reports are left behind with lawmakers for subsequent perusal (and hopefully for elaboration and incorporation). Employer motivation and ability to address workplace bullying in America are both lacking. There is no inherent executive curiosity about the phenomenon that is learned through internal complaint channels. When bullying is reported, 44% do nothing and 18% worsen the situation for the targeted worker (Namie, 2007). The employer record of inaction is revisited in the Employer section of this chapter. A Bullying-Tolerant Society A societal explanation for American employer indifference is the preference for individualistic, aggressive, and abusive responses to interpersonal problems is commonly accepted. It is normative when all types of interpersonal mistreatment are rationalized as necessary because â€Å"it’s just business† as if there were no personal consequences for the actions taken. For instance, Levitt (2009) wrote for a financial sector publication â€Å"In a competitive environment, an assertive and ‘take charge’ style is usually rewarded. If a manager exhorts and pushes subordinates to perform †¦ while those people who are laconic by nature, may view the exhortations as bullying. † From this perspective, bullied workers are evidently the rude, discourteous and unsuccessful ones. A Tennessee appellate court decision stated in a 2007 case that without proof of discrimination, â€Å"the fact that a supervisor is mean, hard to get along with, overbearing, bellig ¬erent or otherwise hostile and abusive does not violate civil rights statutes. † (Frye v. St. Thomas Health Services, 227 S. W. 3d 595. as cited in Davis, 2008). The decision implies that anything goes if the conduct is not explicitly illegal. Corporate employment law attorneys frequently defend bullying perpetrators in cases and are their best apologists. Mathiason and Savage (2008) told a revealing story about a bully in their own law office. â€Å"Clearly there is a type of abusive treatment that exceeds the standards of our firm. Yelling at staff for no reason, blaming associates for perceived errors in such a demeaning manner that their self-confidence is lost and turnover is out of control, are examples of conduct that destroys teamwork and office morale †¦ we do accept and value an individual teaching style that is very demanding of new associates. † In other words, abuse is an allowable difference in â€Å"style† that trumps â€Å"out of control† turnover. Another legal writer discounted the bullying experience by blaming targeted individuals as â€Å"employees who can’t handle valid criticism from supervisors [and who then] interpret it as harassment or bullying† (Baldas, 2007). Jeff Tannenbaum, a lawyer formerly at the San Francisco Littler Mendelson office, agreed with the courts’ general rejection of the argument that U. S. workers should be free from abusive treatment at the hands of bosses or coworkers (Bess, 1999). Tannenbaum asserted that America not only has more laws than it can handle, but that bullying has its benefits. This country was built by mean, aggressive, sons of bitches,† said Tannenbaum. â€Å"Would Microsoft have made so many millionaires if Bill Gates hadn’t been so aggressive? † Tannenbaum said that inappropriate bullying was in the eye of the beholder. â€Å"Some people may need a little appropriate bullying in order to do a good job. † He asserts that those who claim to be bullied are really â€Å"just wimps who can’t handle a little constructive criticism† (Bess, 1999). In short, American employers exert unilateral control over most work conditions with only 7. 5% of the non-governmental workforce represented by a union. Unlike other countries where workers enjoy constitutional protections of personal rights, American workers are â€Å"at will† employees facing immediate termination without a just-cause requirement. The confidence that business dominates society and the political world was illustrated by a boast from Tom Donahue, president of the U. S. Chamber of Commerce, arguably the most powerful and best funded of all the business lobbying groups. He said, â€Å"I’m con- cerned about anti-corporate and populist rhetoric from candidates for the presidency, members of Congress and the media. It suggests to us that we have to demonstrate who it is in this society that creates jobs, wealth and benefits – and who it is that eats them† (Hamburger, 2008). To challenge bullying is to defy societal norms. Bullying is not the exception. Bullying is not yet taboo here. It is an acceptable operational tactic in the under-regulated corporate world, which takes pride in its ability to dominate labor. Workers dare not complain. This is the context of unbalanced employer-employee power facing the U. S. campaign against workplace bullying. Despite the hurdles, we have enjoyed modest success with goal attainment. We next report progress in the U. S. campaign with respect to each of the three involved constituent groups – the general public, lawmakers, and employers. Group 1: The General Public The benefits of an informed public are twofold. First, familiarity with the topic helps remove its stigma. Second, people will feel empowered to challenge bullying’s current acceptance. Starting the Movement We began with a traumatic bullying experience that affected our family. Dr. Ruth Namie’s tale was the inaugural story for the movement. Her mistreatment came at the hands of a fellow woman professional in a psychiatry clinic. Approximately one year after resolution of the case, we discovered the British term â€Å"workplace bullying. † In 1997, we started the Workplace Bullying Institute (originally the Campaign Against Workplace Bullying) to help individuals. WBI originally provided three paths for bullied individuals to find support: (1) a toll-free telephone crisis line, (2) a dedicated website with a growing collection of articles about the phenomenon and the posting of online surveys to complete and dissemination of research findings, and (3) a self-help book published one year after our start. In January 2000, we staged the first U. S. orkplace bullying conference in Oakland, California. It was an unfunded two-day event. Many of the international speakers and presenters who graciously attended at their own expense are authors of several chapters in this book – Michael Sheehan, Charlotte Rayner, Ken Westhues, David Yamada, and Loraleigh Keashly. In September 2000, Suffolk University Law School hosted a second conference in Boston that focused on the legal challenges facing the workplace bullying movement. The crisis line was publicized first in two national newspapers. We coached over 5,000 emotionally wounded people 1 hour at a time in three years. We learned that it is important to establish limits for telephone counselors because the risk of vicarious trauma is high. We had to stop the inordinately expensive service. Charging a fee for coaching reduced significantly the number of callers. WBI founders brought to the movement prior academic preparation in social and clinical psychology; experience in treatment for family systems therapy, chemical dependency and domestic violence; years of university teaching management and psychology; business consulting; corporate management; combined with experience in behavioral research methodology, survey design and statistical analyses. Legal expertise was provided by colleague, David Yamada, soon after the organization began. Future advocacy groups should not rely solely on veterans of the bullying wars. Expertise is needed from individuals who did not personally experience bullying. These experts can learn about all aspects of bullying. They are less likely than bullying victims to be adversely affected from working with, and on behalf of, traumatized individuals. Website visitors expect information to be free. Bullied workers often lose their jobs (Namie, 2007) and cannot afford to pay for necessary legal or mental health services. Groups desiring to emulate our nonprofit organization’s commitment to helping bullied workers are advised to secure funding to sustain the effort. Consulting and training services for employers and fees for professional speeches support WBI’s work. In 2009, Britain’s pioneering organization, the Andrea Adams Trust, closed its charitable operation after 15 years due to lack of funding. The Media as Communication Partners Thanks to 800+ media interviews and appearances, workplace bullying in the U. S. is now publicly recognized. Our relationship with media is mutually beneficial. Media get a popular story; WBI is able to reach Americans at no cost via television, radio, newspapers and magazines sometimes with a national broadcaster or publisher, at other times local. The burgeoning blogosphere on the internet also helps carry the message that workplace bullying is a common, unconscionable, but legal, form of mistreatment. film The Devil Wears Prada, in which a powerful woman magazine publisher repeatedly berates and humiliates her female assistant, is the prototypical opening for the segment which follows with a real-life tale told by a woman who worked for, and suffered under, a woman boss. The Bully Boss The American public, if not the business media, seems ready for candor about destructive people who make work life a living hell for others. An example was the best seller, The No Asshole Rule, a book related to bullying written by Stanford Business School professor Robert Sutton (2007). The public embraced its frankness and simplicity. It was a cathartic venting of pentup frustrations with bullies. Business media like the statistic that 72% of bullies outrank their targets (Namie, 2007). Thus, the alliterative stereotype of â€Å"bully boss† is an accurate headline. Of course, bullying originates at, and affects, individuals at most organizational levels. Executives experience the least amount of bullying (5%). The portrayal of exploitation by bullying is more vivid when it is managerial rather than internecine to the work team. The media spotlight is on the quirky or aberrant boss as an individual (without interviewing actual perpetrators) absent reportage on the work environment that sustains him or her. Questions to WBI about what individuals can do when faced with a bully boss outnumber questions about why and how employers should deal with systemic bullying. The burden for finding a solution tends to fall on the victimized target. When media experts are management consultants or executive coaches, they give poor advice to workers to subordinate themselves, to not attempt to change the toxic work environment that fosters bullying. Some business reporters doubt the targeted workers’ accounts of their bullying. A few television interviews of bullied individuals did not air because producers were reluctant to believe the target’s account or a lawsuit was threat- Workplace bullying has begun to take its rightful place among better-known topics like domestic violence, PTSD and other forms of abuse in the U. S. A typical media story begins with the â€Å"human interest† angle. A targeted worker (prescreened by us to ensure psychological stability and referred to the reporter) describes her or his bullying experience. It is then edited to 1 to 2 onair minutes or short paragraphs in print. In the early years, stories focused almost exclusively on anecdotal stories. In recent years, the media love a womanon-woman bullying story (Meece, 2009) to the exclusion of covering other forms of bullying. However, in the U. S. , only 29% of all bullying is between a woman perpetrator and woman target; men represent 60% of the bullies (Namie, 2007). The coverage enrages advocates for women’s rights. Despite the narrow focus, newspaper articles prompt 300-500 reader comments per article and televised segments on woman-on-woman bullying garner high ratings. The 2006 theatrical ened. It was â€Å"only one side† of the story. Bullying stories feature workers fighting uphill battles. Media most frequently side with Goliath, the employers. Research Bolsters the Message Since 2000, we were able to supplement anecdotal tales with empirical study data. WBI conducted descriptive large-sample surveys of website visitors (n=1,335; Namie, 2000, n=1,000; Namie, 2003). The self-selected sample studies were not extrapolated to describe national trends or national prevalence. However, several metrics did approximate estimates from the large representative study WBI conducted later (Namie, 2007). The first credible estimate for U. S. bullying prevalence was 1 in 6 Michigan workers (Keashly, 2001). The study’s sampling techniques afforded external validity. But there were only approximately 100 individuals who reported â€Å"very bothersome† mistreatment. This estimate was the best one available until 2007. In 2007, WBI, with support from the Waitt Institute for Violence Prevention, commissioned polling firm Zogby International to conduct the first U. S. survey of workplace bullying. The stratified sample was large enough (n=7,740) to represent the experiences of all adult Americans. The 20-item survey (Namie, 2007) used the WBI definition of bullying without explicit inclusion of the term â€Å"bullying. Instead, it was defined as â€Å"repeated mistreatment: sabotage by others that prevented work from getting done, verbal abuse, threatening conduct, intimidation, or humiliation. † The WBI-Zogby survey found 12. 6% of U. S. workers were either being bullied currently or had been within the year, 24. 2% were previously but not currently bullied, 12. 3% wit nessed it but never experienced it, and 44. 9% of respondents reported never witnessing and never experiencing it. Of 7,740 survey respondents, only 22 people admitted being a perpetrator despite the anonymity granted by the survey (Namie, 2007). Thereafter, media quoted the finding that 37% of the population has been bullied representing 54 million Americans. The media took a keen interest in the finding that women bullies choose women as targets in 71% of cases. Men bullies choose women targets (46%) less frequently than they target men. Women are the slight majority of targeted individuals (57%). It is common in the U. S. to blame victims for their fate. This denigration is an example of the fundamental attribution error committed by observers (Ross, 1977). However, targets themselves underestimate the negativity of their situation. The mischaracterization of targets as whiners or complainers is not warranted. We know this anecdotally; one study provides empirical support. Lutgen-Sandvik, Tracy Alberts (2007) discovered a disparity between the researcherdefined prevalence of bullying based on an operational definition (28%) and the survey respondents’ self-identification as a bullied person (9. 4%). This was true for a group of Americans as well for a Danish sample group in the same study. Framing the Message Commercial media reflect the values of American business culture as seen from the top rather than as lived by subordinate workers. It will be interesting to see if CEO credibility diminishes in light of the global economic crisis that is partly blamed on CEO failures. Any anti-CEO sentiment during tough times presents the opening for populist stories about the plight of trapped workers who face a nearly certain escalation of cruelty because few employment alternatives exist. Bullying cannot exist without tacit approval from executives and owners. WBI surveyed 400 respondents in 2009 asking whether bullying escalated after the recognized start date of the worldwide economic recession in September 2008. For 27. % of the respondents the bullying became â€Å"more abusive/ severe/frequent†, 67% reported no change, and 3. 4% reported a decrease in bullying since the onset of recessionary times (Namie, 2009). Workplace bullying activists often char- acterize the movement as â€Å"anti-abuse. † Whereas, defenders of individual bullies and the practice of systemic bullying describe the movement as â€Å"a nti-corporate. † The pejorative mischaracterization makes the activists’ public education goals harder to accomplish. Activists need to emphasize that bullying hurts business in addition to hurting people. Bullying presents a tautological predicament for the media. If media fill airtime and print space with hard-luck, but always popular, bullying stories, they can validate targeted workers’ experiences, letting people know they have experiences in common with others. On the other hand, negative stories such as bullying are not happy stories that please advertisers. In most cases, advertisers rarely tolerate social criticism. That explains the paucity of criticism of capitalism in mainstream U. S. media. Nevertheless, anti-bullying activists should be prepared to help media illustrate how abstract economic crises concretely affect the lives of real working people, if asked. Persuasion Theory Applied to Media Commercial television is the ultimate forum for persuasive appeals employing peripheral cues, according to ELM (Petty Cacioppo, 1986). Soap is not sold by listing ingredients, which would require central route processing by viewers. Instead it is sold as an indispensable route to a desirable lifestyle with distracting emotionally evocative images. News stories are also created to be visually stimulating. News has evolved (descended) into â€Å"infotainment. † Producers demand pictures, â€Å"B roll,† and moving on-screen graphics. Production of the 3-minute segment that focuses solely on content or â€Å"talking heads† is unacceptable, reserved for documentaries and non-commercial television. There is pressure to make bullying stories entertaining. TV screens now literally force the depiction of the principal story being broadcast into a frame within a frame. Surrounding it are station and network logos, wide top and bottom borders with colorful changing backgrounds, and text crawls along the bottom competing for attention with cryptic headlines, and if on a business channel, a crawl showing contemporaneous stock market activity. The actual story is only one of three or four fields competing for the viewer’s attention. A low involvement viewer can hardly be expected to remember anything about stories and their associated content being reported in the middle frame. Print media have limited space as page design has evolved into crowded, colorful spaces that emulate a TV screen or newspaper’s website. Limited space translates to short 500-700 word accounts rather than a lengthy (for newspaper) 2,000 word in-depth story. Bullying is a complex phenomenon with multiple aspects. The compromise we made is to reduce our advice to targets to an admittedly over-simplistic three steps. Similarly, we answer the â€Å"why do bullies bully? † question with a threefactor model. To optimize the likelihood that a reader or viewer will remember something about bullying from an interview, activists should adopt slogans. We use Bullies Are Too Expensive to Keep; Work Shouldn’t Hurt; and Good Employers Purge Bullies, Bad Ones Promote ‘Em. Dealing with media is not an academic exercise. The academic activist, in particular, can benefit from media training. It is through the media you can reach the public who need to know about bullying. Group 2: Educating Lawmakers Rationale For A Law All social movements that sought to stop psychological violence – child abuse, domestic violence, discriminatory harassment (gender, race, etc. ), schoolyard bullying – were able to eventually pass state or federal legislation to negatively sanction misconduct. These types of mistreatment continue, but laws compel negative consequences for offenders. The workplace bullying phenomenon most closely resembles domestic violence (Janoff-Bulman, 2002) with respect to the interaction between abuser and the abused, witnesses’ non-intervention, and societal-institutional denial nd rationalizations to excuse it. For legal purposes, however, bullying falls under the rubric of employment law, akin to anti-discrimination laws for the workplace. Regarding employment law, existing civil rights laws compel employers to create policies to prevent future occurrences. In addition, they must have procedures in place to correct discrim ination once reported, investigated and confirmed. If there were no laws in effect, would employers voluntarily stop the mistreatment of women workers with internal procedures? Evidence suggests that they did not do so before the Civil Rights Act of the 1960’s. After enactment of laws, employers took steps to comply. The sequence is clear. Laws drive internal policies. Enforcement of those policies is most likely when there exists a threat of punishment for negligent employers. Credible policy enforcement results in prevention and correction. The power of a law derives from employers’ internal preventive actions that protect workers. Perusal of Suffolk University Law Professor David Yamada’s chapter in this book reveals that, in 2009, there are no state or federal laws in the U. S. to satisfactorily address workplace bullying. Therefore, bullying is nearly always legal. The Anti-Bullying Healthy Workplace Bill In 2000, David Yamada wrote the text for the original Healthy Workplace Bill (HWB). It addresses workplace bullying by prohibiting an â€Å"abusive work environment. † The proposed legislation does not mandate employer actions. It gives employers multiple opportunities to escape liability for a bully’s abusive conduct. The requirements to file a lawsuit using this bill are strict. Malice is required in addition to documented physical or psychological health harm. There is no government intervention or enforcement. Individual plaintiffs must find and pay for private legal counsel. Though the HWB provides redress for people where current laws do not, its ultimate purpose is to convince employers to stop bullying proactively. The Legislative Campaign WBI expanded its efforts by adding a separate division in 2001. The Workplace Bullying Institute-Legislative Campaign (WBI-LC) goal is to enact state laws. It was decided from the outset to focus on the 50 states rather than to seek a federal law with significantly different features. Congress and recent presidential administration in the last 30 years have not expanded labor rights. So, the WBI-LC mobilizes citizen lobbyists in the states with the help of a network of volunteer State Coordinators. To date, 28 of the 50 states are represented by at least one Coordinator. In 2003, after two years of lobbying by amateurs, California was the first state to introduce the HWB. To date, 16 states through 183 state legislators have introduced 55 bills representing some variation of the HWB. No state has yet passed any bill into law. The HWB website (healthyworkplacebill. org) is the repository of the bill’s history and current activity. Unpaid Coordinators compete with professional advocates for employers. Coordinators include attorneys, a physician, mental health professionals, professors, nurses, teachers, social workers, community organizers, and advocates who worked for other social causes. The WBILC provides Coordinators with all necessary materials to customize a lobbying campaign, an information kit for their state legislators, a private listserv, a private website, copies of the HWB, training tapes, and periodic teleconferences for the group to stay current. Whenever possible WBI leaders give expert testimony at public hearings for HWB. It is a collaborative creative group that grows in size and effectiveness every year. At the public website, citizen lobbyists from all states willing to support the bill can volunteer. Coordinators then work with those volunteers to mount writing, telephoning, and e-mailing lobbying campaigns. Coordinators orchestrate one or two in-person lobbying days at their respective state capitals. Some Coordinators have formed in-person groups and maintain websites in addition to ongoing virtual communica- tion with volunteers in their state. When organizing a group of activists such as the WBI-LC Coordinators, it is important to screen members for personality disturbances attributable or not to their bullying experience. Experience is valuable, but lobbyists must represent the thousands or millions of bullied workers in their state or province. They cannot use the lobbying platform to tell their personal story or to vent to a lawmaker. We incorporate a rule that Coordinators must be at least two years postbullying to participate. Also, with a group of veterans of bullying, some of whom suffer periodic re-traumatization, there is a risk of group dysfunction from emotional flare-ups. It is helpful to establish an intra-group code of conduct to prevent bullying from within. HWB Supporters Bullying at work ignores political party affiliation. Targeted workers have not reported personal politics as a reason for being targeted. The HWB is non-partisan. Sponsors of the HWB include members of both major political parties – Democrats and Republicans. However, Democrats were more likely than Republicans to report direct and witnessed bullying in the U. S. survey (Namie, 2007). Coordinators solicit support and endorsements for the HWB from local and state groups. Unions for state government workers, teachers, and nurses have backed the bill. Endorsements have come also from women’s groups. The Illinois Association of Minorities in Government identified the sponsor for the first Illinois bill. The HWB enjoys the support of one national group – the NAACP, the largest U. S. advocacy organization for the rights of African-Americans. According to the WBI-Zogby survey, 91% of African-Americans want additional workplace protections to supplement existing anti-discrimination laws. Data show that the group suffers a higher rate of ever being bullied than the combined groups, second only to Hispanics (Namie, 2007). HWB Opponents Membership in industry trade associations gives employers access to professional lobbyists who oppose the HWB. Opposition is based on one or more of these grounds: (1) in times of economic crises, businesses should not be regulated, government’s only role is to help business operate freely and profitably, (2) employers can control bullying voluntarily, let them alone and they will do what is best for their business, (3) whining employees will file frivolous, baseless, expensive-to-defend lawsuits that will only clog the courts, (4) current laws provide sufficient protections, and (5) bullying or abusive conduct cannot be precisely defined, it is too subjective. The WBI-LC counters with the following reasonable propositions. (1) Business leaders’ decisions led to the financial calamity. The global crisis is arguably due in part to rampant speculation and paucity of governmental controls. (2) Employers have the chance to voluntarily stop bullying whenever they become aware of it. They historically respond inappropriately. (3) Financial and emotional hurdles to file private lawsuits overwhelm aggrieved workers. The reality is that only 3% of mistreated employees file a lawsuit in the U. S. (Namie, 2007). On the other hand, employers routinely carry employment practices liability insurance to provide legal defense in the event of a harassment or misconduct lawsuit. HWB provides sufficient affirmative defenses for good employers who take steps to prevent bullying. (4) Law professor David Yamada concludes that current U. S. laws are inadequate. We trust his legal expertise. (5) Prior to the 2007 WBI-Zogby survey, lobbyists for employers argued that bullying did not exist in the workplace. Since the survey is indisputable, they now complain that bullying cannot be precisely defined. HWB requires that the plaintiff’s health harm from malicious conduct be proven. The high standard rebuts the subjectivity objection. The fundamental question about legal reform for bullying is whether or not it will take a law to compel compliance or employers will voluntarily choose to abandon abuse as routine prac- tice. The nascent intolerance of the assault on an employee’s dignity at work in the U. S. may force an answer. Persuasion Theories Applied to Lawmakers The criticality of personal involvement in social judgment theory (Sherif Sherif, 1968) as predictor of a positive attitude toward the antibullying activists; position is borne out by our legislative campaign experience. For HWB bill sponsors, bullying is not an abstraction. They agree to champion the bill because family members, legislative aides, or they themselves have been bullied. For the sake of others they want it to stop. For early adopting lawmakers, the introduction of their bill is personal. Facilitating the personal connection to bullying spells the difference between successful and failed lobbying efforts. The elaboration likelihood model, ELM, (Petty Cacioppo, 1986) applies well. One would expect that the lawmaking process is deliberate, based on facts and reasoning, and message content-dependent. That is, lawmaking should tap central route processing with reduced susceptibility to peripheral cues. Marshalling facts to support your position is the underpinning of amateur citizen lobbying. WBI-LC Coordinators refer constantly to the scientific U. S. survey showing that 13% of workers are currently bullied with an additional 24% having been bullied at some time in their careers (Namie, 2007). Its use marked a sea change in lawmakers’ reactions to workplace bullying. They stopped denying that bullying happens. Credible surveys are an essential tool for communicating with public policy makers. So, we have facts on our side and also use the power of compelling anecdotal tales told by bullied individuals (peripheral cues). Unfortunately, HWB opponents also bring forward facts. With multiple lobbyists, lawmakers hear the rationale for employer opposition to our bill repeatedly from different sources. Because of their ongoing presence of full-time paid lobbyists throughout the year in a lawmaker’s life, not just when the legislature is in session (varying from 60-180 days per year), opposing arguments are likely better remembered. WBI-LC Coordinators act primarily during the legislative season and work their regular jobs the remainder of the year. In the U. S. the tradition of giving money to politicians (the courts have defined it as the expression of a corporation’s free speech right, treating corporations as persons) leads to access and influence. WBI-LC Coordinators do not give money to elected officials. It comes as no surprise that no state has yet passed our bill into law. To augment Coordinators’ efforts, the WBI-LC has begun to form coalitions of supporting and endorsing gro up that do have full-time lobbyists advocating for labor and human rights. Perhaps those groups will lend their lobbyists to the campaign against workplace bullying. Group 3: Convincing Employers Employers determine the size and composition of the workforce, the workplace culture and every aspect of the work environment. The responsibility for the correction and prevention of bullying lies with the top management because they shape the culture of the organization through decisions made (Liefooghe Davey, 2001). Empirical studies established an association between leadership, or its absence, and workplace bullying. For example, Leymann (1996) and Einarsen, Raknes and Matthiesen (1994) found that bullying among colleagues was often associated with ‘weak’ or ‘inadequate’ leadership by the most enior managers. Similarly, Hoel and Cooper (2000) showed that bullying was associated with high scores on a laissez faire style of leadership. A lack of organizational coherence (integrated, functioning production procedures), only token accountability (few consequences for wrongdoing), low security (apprehension about layoffs) all co mbine to foster a chaotic workplace climate that gives opportunistic abusers of authority the chance to harm others (Hodson, Roscigno, Lopez, 2006). Conversely, Cortina, Magley, Williams and Langhout (2001) found that in a workplace climate in which fair, respectful treatment prevailed, bullying was rare. Employers’ Reactions to Bullying When bullying incidents are reported to employers, the most frequent response is to do nothing in 43. 7% of cases (Namie, 2007). Doing nothing is not a neutral response when an individual asks for relief. Matters were made worse for targeted workers in 18. 4% of cases. Thus in 62% of cases the response inadequate from perspective of witnesses and targeted workers. A more complete description of employer responses comes from another WBI online survey (n=400 respondents) (Namie, 2008). Employers predominantly did nothing to stop the reported mistreatment (53%) and actually retaliated against the person who dared to report it (71%). In 40% of cases, targets considered the employer’s investigation to be inadequate or unfair with less than 2% of investigations described as fair and safe for the bullied person. Filing complaints led to retaliation resulting in lost jobs (24%). Alleged offenders were punished in only 6. 2% of cases. A NIOSH research team (Grubb, Roberts, Grosch, Brightwell, 2004) assessed employers’ perceptions about the prevalence of bullying within their own organizations. Researchers used a pair of nationally representative federal government surveys of non-institutionalized U. S. residents age 18 and older and a second representative sample of U. S. organizations in which the unit of analysis is the workplace. Some residents were asked to name their employers. Then, a single contact person was identified as the representative for each of 516 organizations, typically human resources professionals or company owners. The employer representatives were asked about a variety of organizational factors. Most relevant was their response to the question: â€Å"How often in the past year has bullying occurred at your establishment, including repeated intimidation, slandering, social isolation, or humiliation by one or more persons against another? † The majority of employer representatives (75. 5%) said bullying never happened at their site. Only 1. 6% said it happened frequently. The second most frequent response was that it was rare (17. 4%) with 5. 5% acknowledging that bullying happened sometimes. Employees were seen as the most frequent aggressor (in 39. 2% of cases) as well as being the most frequent victim (55. %). Two assessed measures of workplace climate were associated with increased levels of bullying – lack of job security and lack of trust in management (Grubb et al. 2004). Remarkably, in Sweden where the regulatory ordinance has been in effect 15 years, only one of out of nine businesses had voluntarily implemented policies and procedures against bullying ( Hoel Einarsen, 2009). The lack of employer initiative in the Scandinavian anti-bullying pioneering nations suggests modest expectations about American employers’ attitudes toward bullying, even if laws are passed. Not only do employers do very little to stop bullying, co-workers who witness bullying are similarly ineffective. From an online study (Namie, 2008) we know that self-identified bullied individuals reported that in 46% of bullying cases, co-workers abandoned them, to the extent that 15% aggressed against the target along with the bully. Co-workers did nothing in 16% of cases. In less than 1% of cases, co-workers rallied to the defense of an attacked target and confronted the bully as a group. There are several potential explanations that are explored elsewhere in detail (Namie Namie, 2009a). Suffice it to say that fear, real or imagined, prevents co-workers from getting involved most of the time. The ‘Business Case’ For Bullying Because of employers’ costs associated with bullying — productivity loss, costs regarding interventions by third parties, turnover, increased sick-leave, workers compensation and disability insurance claims and legal liability – employers should logically be motivated to stop bullying (Hoel Einarsen, 2009). One healthcare industry intervention that improved employee perceptions of trust and fair treatment was estimated to potentially save $1. million annually for a single organization (Keashly Neuman, 2004). WBI partnered with a Canadian disability management firm that determined 18% of the short-term disability claims were based on bullying. Those workers missed an average of 159 days of work per claim. The â€Å"business case† approach emphasizes the financial impact of bullying and assumes that employ ers are rational actors and will pursue their own best financial self-interest when made aware of bullying’s cost. Logic recommends termination of costly offenders. But bullying is often an irrational and illogical set of circumstances. In spite of ascertainable loss patterns, offenders are retained while targeted workers who reported mistreatment to the organization often lose their jobs. Alleged offenders were punished in only 6% of cases (Namie, 2008). But because of bullying, 40% of targets quit, 24% are terminated and 13% transfer to safer positions with the same employer (Namie, 2007). Finally, to whom should the business case be made? Bullying is typically perceived as a human resources (HR) department problem because anti-discrimination compliance officers in HR receive the majority of bullying complaints. Eighty-percent of those complaints do not require employers to respond; they are legal actions (Namie, 2007). One WBI study found that HR either did nothing in 51% of cases when approached for relief or made the situation more negative for the target in 32% of cases (Namie, 2000). In HR’s defense, without laws to compel employers to adopt internal policies, HR lacks the tools to reverse bullying even if it wanted to. HR also lacks the credibility with executives who otherwise might grant HR the autonomy to effect organizational changes. Bullying is the responsibility of executive leadership (Einarsen, Raknes, Matthiesen, 1994). Executives feel responsible to support bullies within their organizations. According to Namie (2007), sources of a bully’s support are: executive sponsors (43%), management peers (33%), and HR (14%). How can this be? Why prop up the cause of significant financial losses? No anti-bullying intervention can be suc- cessful without executive endorsement and participation. Workers in one division of a government client organization suffered heart attacks, stroke, panic attacks, and nearly every one of the 24 were prescribed anti-depressant medication. Seventeen workers filed workplace discrimination complaints. Our recommendation, with which the bully himself agreed, was to prohibit his future contact with employees. The director thought otherwise and rejected the recommendation. He called staff â€Å"feckless ingrates† and refused to allow the perpetrator to step down because the bully was â€Å"a great conversationalist and lunch buddy. † Many employers would rather absorb known financial losses than confront a hyper-aggressive bully or sever a prized personal friendship. The â€Å"business case† pales in comparison to ingratiation, aggression and pride in winning at all costs. Employers’ Motivation to Act Because there is no law to compel U. S. employers to act, when an American employer requests help with bullying, it is a rare event. WBI principals were consultants to employers 12 years prior to the starting the nonprofit organization. Since 1997, the consulting focus is exclusively the refinement of a comprehensive, proprietary approach to preventing and correcting workplace bullying (Namie Namie, 2009b) (workdoctor. com). Based on our American and Canadian clients, here is a sampling of positive, proactive reasons employers voluntarily address bullying. Some are early adopters wanting to be first, cutting-edge, industry leaders. They are pioneers and proud of their risk-taking tendencies. Some clients seek congruence with espoused organization values of respect and dignity for all, to â€Å"do the right thing. † Though every corporate mission statement includes â€Å"Respect for all individuals,† few firms actually adhere to the lofty pronouncement. Mission statements do not hold organizations accountable; policies can. Some clients seek media coverage and notoriety for their willingness to address bullying. Some CEOs want to leave a positive legacy at the end of their careers. One executive wanted to rectify his prior mismanagement of a senior manager bullying case. It was personal guilt mitigation. In 2009, the Sioux City, Iowa public school district implemented our comprehensive anti-bullying system for teachers and staff in the schools – becoming the first in the nation to do so. Schools are the single class of employer with experience, however limited, with bullying. In 38 states, there are laws mandating that schools address bullying among students. Most laws specify that a policy be written for children. Therefore, many schools and their staffs are familiar with bullying and its harmful effect on children. It is a logical step to see that the quality of interpersonal relationships among the adults is the context for student behavior or misconduct. This National Demonstration Project includes a policy, procedures, impact assessment, education, peer support, peer fact finders, and community education. The project was made possible by the rare co-occurrence of a new superintendent, a compassionate human resources director, union presidents concerned with employee health, and funding from a local foundation. We hope that schools become the first American industry to seriously address workplace bullying. The majority of anti-bullying interventions are prompted by risk aversion or loss prevention. A high profile, revenue-generating â€Å"rainmaker† commits illegal or unethical acts. A repeat offender’s legal costs finally exceed the CEO’s tolerance. Turnover of highly skilled workers undercuts productivity. Healthcare institutions must comply with an extra-legal industry requirement to craft a policy to address intimidating and disruptive physicians and staff. (JCAHO, 2008). Dispositional vs. Systemic Solutions After the decision is made to start an intervention, a second important question presents itself. Is the problem the fault of a few â€Å"bad seeds,† a dispositional issue? Or is the problem entrenched in the work environment (that includes leadership who fostered past and current bullies and will sustain new ones when personnel change)? When the preferred explanation is the offender’s personality, solutions may include skillsbased training — anger management or constructive criticism — mental health counseling, or executive coaching. Regardless of the selected solution, and even if the person gains insight, bullying will resume if the workplace to which she or he returns remains unchanged. Recidivism is predictable when bullying-prone work conditions are not addressed. For long-term success, the organization needs a new behavioral standard (policy, code of conduct) to which alleged misconduct can be compared to determine whether or not a violation occurred. Procedures to enforce the standard must be created. Weak procedures predict failed anti-bullying initiatives. The rules must apply to everyone at all levels to be fair and credible. Executives must defer to the process to justify purging a friend for the good of the organization. Medium and large organizations often establish one or more peer groups to serve various functions – as internal resource experts, as peer fact finders for investigations, as trainers within the organization. Education throughout the organization publicly launches the commitment to a new way of doing usiness. The best interventions include healing activities for targeted workers and witnesses who have been vicariously traumatized. A hybrid approach is to first create the policy and procedures. Then, when a high-profile person’s offense is confirmed as a violation, devise a personalized change program for her or him. Upon return to work, behavioral monitoring starts. Interviews of German consulta nts who specialize in workplace bullying (Saam, 2009) yielded three approaches were moderation/mediation, coaching, and organization development (OD). Moderation is a clarification process to allow the parties to move beyond misunder- standings or misperceptions. Mediation refers to the traditional conflict resolution process. Moderation/mediation works only when conflict does not escalate to a level for which only a power intervention is appropriate. Coaching necessarily develops solutions on a case-by-case basis. Coaching is support – tactical, emotional, career development, personalized skills education and rehearsal. The organization development (OD) approach is the third intervention strategy. Culture change is its primary goal (Saam, 2009). From an OD perspective, the source of the bullying problems can be found in attributes of the organization – the reporting relationships, layers in the hierarchy, transparency of decisionmaking processes, timeliness in responding to employee concerns, personal accountability for destructive interpersonal conduct, equitable processes that match rewards to performance, trust, reciprocated loyalty, clarity of roles, incorporation of collaborative processes, and performance expectations. An OD strategy sets new standards for doing things differently and altering performance-consequence contingencies. The OD consultant defines problems as systemic. Solutions must necessarily affect all people at all levels of the organization (Saam, 2009). The preferred tool of the OD bullying consultant is the proscription of bullying behavior via a new policy and accompanying set of enforcement procedures (Namie Namie, 2009b). Based on her clinical practice with severe cases of bullying, Ferris (2004) contends similarly that helpful, responsive organizations do not see bullying as a merely personality issue to be solved by the parties through mediation. Instead, bullying is seen as an organizational problem that needs to be addressed through coaching for the bully, counseling, performance management, and policies that clearly define unacceptable conduct. Predicting Success We identify several factors to avoid failure, while increasing the likelihood of successful interventions: if HR initiates contact with the consultant, insist on executive team approval to move forward †¢ do not incorporate traditional conflict resolution strategies (mediation, arbitration) into the systemic program to address bullying (though informal, pre-complaint resolution processes can and should be crated) †¢ at the start, articulate how the prohibition of bullying will positively impact the delivery of services, quality of production – i. e. will benefit the end user †¢ describe the engagement as proactive and preventive, resolve extant crises before launching the project †¢ clarify executive team roles: awareness and acceptance, pledge of non-interference, authorization for policy writing group, commitment to participate in launch †¢ emphasize the seminal importance of implementation procedures over the policy alone †¢ policy and procedures are to apply to every employee at all levels, no exceptions †¢ Governing Board receives advance notice of project to schedule policy approval †¢ the internal champion/future policy director must have budget control †¢ inclusion of unions, where present, is mandatory †¢ select a pool of employee-volunteers screened for compatibility to serve in one or more functions †¢ policy writing, internal resource experts, fact finding, training †¢ build-in continuity and succession of participants in the various gro ups responsible for sustaining the organization’s commitment to the anti-bullying initiatives showcase success stories in the media Persuasion Theory Applied to Employers Social judgment theory (Sherif Sherif, 1968) is the theory most compatible with understanding the challenges posed by employers for activist-consultants. An ingratiating bully who spends years successfully cultivating a fawning relationship with an executive does so for the sake of self-protection. If the executive eventually learns that his friend’s tactics are undermining legitimate business interests, the executive’s dissonance will probably drive him to discount the complaint, accuse the complainant of â€Å"troublemaking,† and reinforce the bond with the bully. Recall that according to SJT, anchored opinions linked to a person’s self-identity are the least likely to change. The executive’s allegiance to the bully feels spontaneous to him. There is a high degree of ego involvement because it was the executive’s ego that the bully was stroking in Machiavellian fashion (Paulhus Williams, 2002). The bully carefully cemented the bond over time. So, all evaluative opinions held by the executive about the bully fall well within the executive sponsor’s latitude of acceptance. Any disconfirming evidence presented – that the bully terrorizes peers and subordinates – is rejected reflexively. The target reporting the mistreatment cannot believe the denial of facts. The executive cannot believe his beloved friend could be accused of heinous actions. Executive denial that bullying operates in the organization at all is rooted in the same process. Consider the executive’s ego involvement in beliefs about the characteristics of the organization for which he wishes to take credit. From analysts, shareholders and a sycophantic inner circle of advisers, the executive only hears positive reports about operations. How to cite Workplace Bullying Activists, Papers